Q2: The machine/organism relationships are obsolete, unnecessary ‘writes Haraway. In what ways have our relations to machines been theorized?
1. Takayuki, Kanda (2004) “Human Computer Interaction”
http://www.irc.atr.jp/~kanda/pdf/kanda-interactive-robots-as-social-partner.pdf
(accessed day 3rd March, 2011)
In this research, it shows that the robots have the potential to interact with human in daily life and children can learn English when they interact with robot. Although robot can improve human’s daily life and become human partner, it has many problems to improve and to be more progressed. For instance, the researcher indicates that children can through interaction with robot to learn English.
In my opinion, it can attract children’s interest of learning English when they play with robot, but it is not long term for children to learn knowledge. It is because its communication skill is still flawed (e.g. robot answer human slowly) and robots have not enough phrases to communicate with people, it can only increase children’s interested in English initially and their English level may not be progressed. In fact, robot’s expression is not as natural as human and its expression is limited, so children may feel boring when they face to the robot long time. If researchers want to through interaction with robot to improve children’s English level, they need to increase more English phrases or words into robot and improve robot’s expression to be more natural. In fact, I think robot is gimmick to attract children learning English, if we want to learn knowledge; we need to learn from teacher, not the robot.
2. Dr Fong, Kevin (2011) “The Man with a Plastic Heart”
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-12422348
(accessed day 28 th February, 2011)
In this article, it points out that the patients of heart disease can have new life and they can reduce their waiting time for donator, if they transplant the artificial heart into their body and replace their natural heart.
In my opinion, the technology is not only convenient for us to develop our society, it also more related with our daily life nowadays and the relationship of boundary between human and machine become blurring. It is because they need to carry a rucksack to charge artificial heart in their every time, and they cannot without electricity and seem robot, it appears new relation between human and machine. Although patient can improve their life, they need to rely on machine to live all the time and it also has risk when they transplant plastic heart. In fact, they need to carry a rucksack to charge artificial heart in their every time and there is some limitation for artificial heart. For instance, they cannot do some exercise, running or swimming. Compare with general people, patient’s appearance and action is same as normal human but their inside heart is not natural and it is constructed by technology, artificial heart. Therefore, the machines control our life, no longer only people control the machine and human also start to be passive in the relationship between human and technology.
3. Cynthia Breazeal “Affective Interaction between Humans and Robots”
http://www.isrl.illinois.edu/~amag/langev/localcopy/pdf/breazeal01affectiveInteraction.pdf
(accessed day 5 th March, 2011)
In this research, it points out that there is close relationship between human and robot in our daily life, such as there is robot pets for children and robotic nursemaids for elderly. Moreover, human can through different tone of voice and signal to order robot and it has ability to change in emotional state and express this state to human. Even robot is machine and its body is not same as human, it has own thinking and emotion to express suitable feedback to human. Therefore, robot not only gives feedback or follows the order to human; it also let the relationship close between human and robot when it communicates with human and it can seem close friend.
Although the researcher indicates that there are both beneficial for human and robot when they interact with others, it still has some problem between human and robot. For instance, elder require some special training to interact with robot if they have robotic nursemaid and interact with robot. It is because their communication skill and ability of adaption is slower than youth; they need to have time to adapt interaction with robot. We cannot only focus on youth and ignore elder or children’s desire when they interact with robot, so researchers also need to invent or improve robot for them. Moreover, the interaction of training can let human more understand or order robot and let their relation is more closed with robot, so the interaction of training is required.
4. Alex Juarez, Christoph, Bartneck and Lou, Feijs (2009) “Journal of Virtual Worlds Research”
http://alexandria.tue.nl/openaccess/Metis234623.pdf
(accessed day 7 th March, 2011)
The writers indicate that the technology development progress continuously, it not only helps human in labor and hazardous work, appearance of robot and internet also let the relationship between human and machine to be close. Furthermore, writers also emphasize that human through visual world (internet) to build up their community and it also lead the real and visual world mergence.
In nowadays, I think human is more and more rely on visual world or machine (e.g. mobile platform) in daily life and it also become a part of our daily life. It is because the machine and technology not only let our society to be developed, it is also convenient for human to connect others and build up communities. Therefore, it also becomes more important in our daily life. Although it lets our society to become convenient, it also brings some problem in the real world. For instance, youth usually put their photos of daily life into visual world and share with their group mates in visual world, so they combine their real life and visual world together and lead boundary with real and visual world to be blur. For example, we may think these photos are true, when we through internet to see strangers’ photos and we don’t know the reality of it. Thus, we can only through photos to know stranger when we use internet to communicate with other. Furthermore, we enjoy posting our daily life into internet and more and more people can share it to their friends, so internet break down our privacy and it is difficult for us to protect private information.
5. Flaspöler, Eva and Angelika, Hauke (The Human Machine Interface as an Emerging Risk)
http://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/literature_reviews/HMI_emerging_risk
(accessed day 9th March, 2011)
In the research, the writers point out that the development of machine is more developed in nowadays and human also more and more depend on new machine, e.g. computer, so it can save working time and increase the quality of work. Although computer brings many benefits to human, it also brings some problem to us. For instance, it can give rise to occupational diseases, such as stress or musculoskeletal disorders, as well as to occupational accidents.
In my opinion, computer becomes a part of our daily life and brings some problem to us in the same time. Although we can use computer to connect internet to get information and communicate with others to expand relationship of friends, it leads less time face to face communicate with parents when we use computer. Because we spend long time in machine (e.g. computer) and lack face to face communication with others, it leads poor communication skill now and more depend on computer in our daily life. For instance, we rely on software system (spelling) when we do homework in Microsoft Word, and it can correct our spelling if we make the grammar mistake, so it let us rely on computer. In fact, the relationship between human and machine is becoming close continuously and depend on it. For example, we may feel disconnected with the world or others and lack sense of security, if we have not computer to connect internet or mobile phone. Therefore, we cannot lack of machine and more depend on it nowadays.
By Kitty Tang
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